Editor: R. Schofield
Author:N/A ISBN: (10) 1-85207-130-3 Published: 1988 Paper: Printed on acid free paper Binding: Library bindings with gilt finish See sample pages:
not available
Resumé
It has been the publishers´ objective to assemble within one major research publication copies of the essential documents for a comprehensive view of the creation of modern boundaries within the Arabian peninsula. The process of finding, obtaining and organising such material has been lengthy, and the work renders a large mass of documents easily accessible.
The boundaries of the Arabian peninsula are notable for the sensitivities and disagreements which have accompanied their relatively short history. Not only is the perennial human concern for territory involved; in this region, as the 20th century progressed, the partition of resources, initially pastures and water wells, subsequently oil and gas, was particularly crucial. The boundary makers, chiefly the diplomats of the imperial powers, were inconsistent in paying attention to the human and physical characteristics of the terrain when negotiating or imposing many limits. Consequently boundary studies in this area have been and remain a fruitful topic for geographers and anthropologists as well as a necessary pre- occupation for strategists and politicians. The particular distinguishing characteristics of Arabia´s territorial framework is that it is far from complete. Saudi Arabia´s border in the southern peninsula has never been formally finalised, while the status of many supposedly ´final´ delimitations elsewhere is at best uncertain, if not actively disputed. Here, then, is a particularly compelling reason for the publication of these documents. The records of the various British government departments represented here provide by far the most extensive and complete survey of the evolution of territorial affairs in Arabia and the Gulf. They will certainly form the core of any future legal debate focussing upon the historical aspects of any one of the region´s boundaries on land or sea.
Historical Overview
This collection makes available copies of the several thousand documents which have determined the territorial divisions of Arabia today. An appreciation of Arabia´s territorial history is essential for an understanding of contemporary political events in the region. Boundaries were originally defined by Britain to protect her interests in the area but it is the relatively new, independent states of the Gulf and the peninsula who have to live within this imposed territorial framework. This has not always been easy and boundary disputes remain a ready source of friction between many neighbouring states. To complicate the picture further certain boundaries in the southern peninsula have not yet been agreed at the time of publication, (1988).
The future settlement of such borders demands an intimate knowledge of Arabia´s territorial past. This is best provided by inspection of the records of the British government, the most important items of which have been selected for presentation in these volumes. Their publication in this form offers two advantages. First, it makes available to a wider audience material previously located only in the archives of the National Archives at Kew and the India Office Library and Records, London. Second, the sequence of documents appearing in these volumes has been drawn from a vast and complex web of material and totally re-organised in a clear, coherent and logical manner.
Documentary Importance
The criteria for the selection of documents are the following. Records have been identified which either specifically define the various boundaries concerned or throw direct light on their origin or evolution. Thus the records presented include treaties, letters, telegrams, memoranda and notes, the latter often being diplomatic summaries and assessments. The events described include negotiations, agreements, disputes, incursions and claims.
The aim in this publication is to present a sequence of original file material in integral form for the benefit of the researcher. The editors have refrained from judgement and comment other than to provide notes on the historical background to the records in each volume. Individual documents are reproduced in their entirety and balance is maintained where files include submissions of more than one point of view. This edition is reprinted from original material varying greatly in size and quality. For ease of handling the volumes have been printed to the regular library format of 248 x 160mm. The accompanying maps are supplied in map boxes made and bound in a similar form to the text volumes. The maps have been reproduced as far as possible in their original sizes and colours.
Arrangement of volumes
The collection is organised in the first instance according to geographical sequence. Each interstate boundary around the periphery of Saudi Arabia is examined in turn in a clockwise manner. The material on each boundary is then presented, in the respective volumes, in chronological order. The first two volumes deal with general political issues in the Arabian Peninsula.
The starting point for the collection is determined by an agreement of 1853 which (although some material of earlier date is included) marks Britain´s resolve to impose a peace upon the southern Gulf region.
The editors have written a General Introduction discussing the special characteristics of boundaries in the Arabian peninsula. Each volume or group of volumes is then preceded by an editorial note on the historical background to the documents for that area.
Volume 1: General Issues of Political Control and Sovereignty I, 1866-1914 Volume 2: General Issues of Political Control and Sovereignty II, 1914-1930 ; Ottoman Claims to Sovereignty in the Arabian Peninsula, 1879-1920; Saudi Arabia: Internal Boundaries, 1920-1935 Volume 3: Aden Protectorate-Imamate of Yemen I, 1901-1928 Volume 4: Aden Protectorate-Imamate of Yemen II, 1931-1957; Saudi Arabia-Imamate of Yemen, 1934 Volume 5: Saudi Arabia-Transjordan I, 1924-1932 Volume 6: Saudi Arabia-Transjordan II, 1932-1940 Volume 7: Kuwait-Iraq I, 1899-1940 Volume 8: Kuwait-Iraq II, 1941-1957 Volume 9: Saudi Arabia-Kuwait, 1919-1957; Saudi Arabia-Iraq, 1922-1925 Volume 10: Saudi Arabia-Bahrain, 1938-1957; Bahrain-Qatar, 1937-1954 Volume 11: Persian claims to Bahrain I, 1862-1928 Volume 12: Persian claims to Bahrain II, 1929-1957 Volume 13: Issues of Island Sovereignty: the Gulf, 1856-1957; Issues of Island Sovereignty: the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, 1854-1957 Volume 14: Trucial Coast: Internal Boundaries, 1902-1957 Volume 15: Saudi Arabia-Trucial Coast I, 1934-1935 Volume 16: Saudi Arabia-Trucial Coast II, 1935-1949 Volume 17: Saudi Arabia-Trucial Coast III, 1949-1957 Volume 18: Saudi Arabia-Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, 1934-1957 Volume 19: Sultanate of Muscat and Oman-Trucial Coast, 1901-1956; Trucial Coast-Qatar, 1928-1954; Saudi Arabia-Qatar, 1934-1955 Volume 20: Buraimi, 1954-1956 Volume 21: Territorial Waters and Seabed Claims in the Gulf, 1934-1955 Volume 22: International Relations and Issues of Sovereignty in the Post-war Era, 1951-1957; Sultanate of Muscat and Oman-Aden Protectorate, 1946-1956; Saudi Arabia-Aden Protectorate, 1955-1956 Volumes 23-25: Map boxes: for details see MAPS below Volumes 26-29: Continuation volumes for 1958; 1959 Volume 30: 1960
Contents Outline
The following table is not an exhaustive list of contents but indicates documents of particular political and historical importance included in the collection.
Volume 1: General Issues Of Political Control And Sovereignty I, 1866-1914
Secret Bond between Sultan of Muscat and Britain, 1891
Treaties and Agreements to be shown to newly invested Trucial Chiefs on their accession, 1906
General Treaty with the Arab Tribes of the Persian Gulf, 1820
Treaty of Peace in perpetuity, 1853
Protectorate Treaties, 1892
Memorandum on British interests in the Persian Gulf, 1908
Memorandum on the Baghdad Railway, 1910
Saudi desire for Persian Gulf port, 1913
Volume 2: General Issues Of Political Control And Sovereignty II, 1914-1930
Husain-McMahon correspondence, 1915
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916
Arabian Peace Conference, 1919
Protectorate (Mecca) Agreements: Asir and Hejaz, Nejd and Dependencies, 1926 Treaty of Jiddah between Ibn Saud and Britain, 1927
Memorandum on telegraph stations in the Persian Gulf, 1928
Visit to Persian Gulf of Danish fishing vessel flying Persian flag, 1936
Ottoman Claims To Sovereignty In The Arabian Peninsula,1879-1920
Turkish jurisdiction in the Persian Gulf, 1879
Turkish designs on Oman, 1885
Turkish garrison at el Bidaa, 1888
Turkish influence on Arab coast, 1889
Aden protectorate, 1904-1914
Turkish aggression in the Persian Gulf, 1911
Settlement of Turkey and the Arabian peninsula, 191???
Treaty of Sevres, 1920
Saudi Arabia: Internal Affairs, 1920-1935
Memorandum on the seven independent Arabian states (Yemen, Asir, Hejaz, Nejd, Kuwait, Jebel Shammar and Jauf), 1935
Volume 3: Aden Protectorate - Imamate Of Yemen I, 1901-1928
Territory ruled by the Kasyti family, 1901
Aden frontier delimitation, 1901-1906
Note on Aden demarcation by Sir William Lee-Warner, 1902
Territories of Amir Dthali, 1902
Memorandum on relations of the British Government with tribes of the Aden hinterland, 1906
Ratification of 1905 boundary settlement, 1914
Zeidi encroachment into Aden protectorate, 1927
Volume 4: Aden Protectorate - Imamate Of Yemen II, 1931-1957
Dynastic claims of Imam to protectorate, 1931
Status of Hadramaut, 1932
Yemeni encroachment into Audhali territory, 1933
Yemeni frontier incidents, 1939-1940
Anglo-Yemen procedure for settlement of frontier cases, 1942
Frontier between Aden and Yemen, 1956
Saudi Arabia-Imamate Of Yemen, 1934
Treaty of Taif, 1934
Volume 5: Saudi Arabia-Transjordan I, 1924-1932
The Hadda Agreement, 1925
Ibn Saud and the Hejaz, 1925
Memorandum by Mr G. Antonius on eastern frontier of Transjordan, 1925
Sir Gilbert Clayton´s mission, 1925
Raids on Nejd-Transjordan frontier, 1931
Frontier relations between Transjordan, Hejaz and Nejd, 1932
Volume 6: Saudi Arabia-Transjordan II, 1932-1940
British policy on Saudi-Transjordan frontier relations, 1933
Preparation of map, 1934
Treaty of friendship between Ibn Saud and Abdullah, 1934
Major Glubb´s report on alleged violations of Saudi territory, 1936
Position of Tutun wells in relation to frontier, 1936
Saudi-Transjordan frontier survey, 1940
British proposals for Saudi-Transjordan treaty, 1940
Volume 7: Kuwait-Iraq, 1899-1940
Agreement between Britain and Shaikh of Kuwait, 1899
Khor Abdullah and the Baghdad Railway, 1905
Evidence of Kuwaiti ownership of Warba and Bubiyan, 1905-1908
Status of Kuwait and negotiations with Turkey: draft Anglo- Turkish convention, 1911-1913
Position of Kuwait vis-à-vis Iraq and Ibn Saud, 1921
Memorandum on Kuwait 1908-1928, 1928
Iraq propaganda: absorption of Kuwait by Iraq, 1929
Proposed construction of port in Kuwait Bay under Iraq control, 1938-1941
Volume 8: Kuwait-Iraq II, 1941-1957
Umm Qasr, 1941-1948
Proposed frontier demarcation, 1950-1951
Frontier incidents, 1954
Commission to study frontier demarcation, 1955
Agreement for development of Umm Qasr port, 1955
Frontier dispute, 1956
Collapse of Shat al-´Arab water scheme, 1957
Volume 9: Saudi Arabia-Kuwait, 1919-1956
Boundary questions and disputes between Shaikh Salim and Ibn Saud, I919-1921
Question of Jahra and British proposals for settlement, 1921-1922
Kuwait Conference, 1924-1926
Removal of Al Duwish from Kuwait territory, 1929
Kuwait-Saudi relations, 1929-1939
Kuwait-Saudi agreements: exchange of letters, 1940
Oil operations on border of Neutral Zone, 1948-1949
Administration of Neutral Zone, 1949
Demarcation of Neutral Zone boundaries, 1955
Neutral Zone and associated seabed, 1956
Saudi Arabia-Iraq 1922-1925
Treaty of Mohammerah, 1922
Protocol of Uqair, 1922
Ibn Saud and Kuwait Conference, 1922-1924
The Bahra Agreement, 1925
Volume 10: Saudi Arabia-Bahrain, 1938-1957
Ownership and status of Libainat Islands
Efforts to determine boundary line, 1951-1952
Proposals to delimit seabed, 1957
Bahrain-Qatar, 1937-1954
Shaikh of Bahrain´s claim to Zubarah, 1937
Negotiations over Zubarah, 1937-1945
Status of Hawar Islands, 1938-1942
Dispute over property in Zubarah area, 1953-1954
Volume 11: Persian Claims To Bahrain I, 1862-1928
Turkish claim to sovereignty over Bahrain, 1862
Claim of Persian Government to Island of Bahrain, 1886
Nasir ibn Mubarak´s claim to Bahrain, 1909
Persian claims to Bahrain in the 1920s
Memorandum on Bahrain, 1908-1928, 1928
Volume 12: Persian Claims To Bahrain II, 1929-1957
Withdrawal of Persian claims to Bahrain, 1920
Persian claims to Bahrain in the 1930s and 1940s
Iranian claims of the 1950s
Volume 13: Issues Of Island Sovereignty: The Gulf 1856-1957
Persia´s lease of Qishm and Hormuz to Muscat, 1856
Question of ownership of Abu Musa and Sir Abu Nu´air Islands, 1874-1892
Proposed sale of Tumb Island to Muscat, 1880
Persia´s occupation of Sirri Island, 1887-1902
Qishm, Hormuz, Angawn and Larak, 1899
Ownership of Halul Island, 1913
Negotiations regarding status of Tumb and Abu Musa, 1928-1932
Seizure of Ras al-Khaimah dhow at Sirri Island, 1935
Status of Persian Gulf islands (Farsi, Arabi and Harqus), 1946-1949
Territorial claims to Farsi Island, 1949-1950
Claims by rulers of Qatar and Abu Dhabi to Halul, 1955-1957
Sovereignty of Failakah, Kubbar, Qaru and Farsi Islands, 1955
Anglo-US talks on future control of Persian Gulf, 1957
Iranian claims to Persian Gulf islands, 1957
Ownership of Farsi and Arabi Islands, 1957
Issues Of Island Sovereignty: The Red Sea And Indian Ocean, 1854-1957
Muscat´s cession of Kuria Muria to Britain, 1854
Agreement with Idrisi Sayyid regarding Farasan Islands, 1917
Kamaran Island, 1919-1928
Transfer of control of Kuria Muria Islands from Aden to Persian Gulf, 1926-1936
Future of Kamaran Islands, 1946
Possibility of return to Kuria Muria Islands to Muscat, 1955
Map 01. Map of Arabia illustrative of W.G. Palgrave´s journey in 1862-1863; shows territory under nominal jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan of Muscat and Wahhabi Amirs; London, 1865.
Map 02. Limits of the Kingdom of the Hedjaz as agreed upon by Britain and France in October 1917; London, October 1917.
Map 03. Aden Survey: marked with limits of Captain R.A. Wahab´s survey of 1891-1892; Calcutta, May 1893.
Map 04. Aden Survey: marked with limits of Captain R.A. Wahab´s survey of 1891-1892; and boundaries of tribes under British influence, 1891-1892; Calcutta, August 1895.
Map 05. Map showing the limits of the settlement of Aden: shows limits of British, tribal and military territory; prepared by Captain F.M. Hunter; Calcutta, July 1900.
Map 06. General Maitland´s proposal for area to be surveyed by joint Anglo-Ottoman boundary commission in Dthali region; Calcutta, 1901.
Map 07. Sketch of the attack on Ad Dareja, southern Arabia, showing position of Muhammad bin Nasr Mukhbil´s tower and Turkish boundary; prepared by Captain A.L. Pilleau; Simla, August 1901.
Map 08. Sketch map showing boundary claimed by British Commissioners and that claimed by Turkish Commissioners in the neighbourhood of Dthali; signed by Colonel R.A. Wahab; Aden, April 1902.
Map 09. Dthali boundary, Arabia, with various lines drawn by Colonel R.A. Wahab, British Boundary Commissioner; London, June 1902.
Map 10. Boundary line in area west of Ad Dthala; London, June 1902.
Map 11. Map of the Aden frontier: shows British and Turkish boundary proposals, and boundary in Dthali region; prepared by Colonel R.A. Wahab; War Office, London, January 1903.
Map 12A. Southern Arabia: map illustrating the boundary demarcated by the Anglo-Turkish Commission 1902-1904: sheet A showing boundary from point I (Wadi Bana) to point XXXIX (Jebel Sarir); Simla, June 1904.
Map 12B. Southern Arabia: map illustrating the boundary demarcated by the Anglo-Turkish Commission 1902-1904: sheet B showing boundary from point XL (Jebel Mansura) to point LI (Ras Namis); Simla, June 1904.
Map 12C. Southern Arabia: map illustrating the boundary demarcated by the Anglo-Turkish Commission 1902-1904: sheet C is a list of references for sheets A and B; Simla, June 1904.
Map 13 Map of Subaihi Border, Survey of India: shows Anglo-Turkish boundary from point LXIV (Ras Iraf) to point LXV (Barh am Ashara) with references: continuation of maps 12A, 12B and 12C; Bombay, August 1904.
Volume 24: Maps 14-29 Map 14. Map of Shekh Said, Survey of India: shows line proposed by Government of India in telegram of 14th July 1904; Bombay, August 1904.
Map 15. Map showing Tribes and New Boundary of the Aden Protectorate; War Office London, January 1906.
Map 16. Map of the Aden Protectorate showing boundary with Turkish Arabia and Turkish territory north of Perim ´not to be alienated´: note of boundary agreement north-east of Wadi Bana; Simla, 1908.
Map 17. Map of Part of Arabia; shows Aden boundary as delimited in 1903-1905, Turkish territory not to be alienated, the ´Violet Line´ running north-east from Wadi Bana to latitude 20º in the Rub al Khali and the Blue Line of the Anglo-Turkish Convention of the 29th July 1913; War Office, London, February 1914.
Map 18. Sketch map showing proposals for adjustment in boundary between Aden Protectorate and Imamate of Yemen and names of tribes and sub-sections of tribes; Colonial Office, Aden, 1933.
Map 19. Sketch map showing boundary between Aden Protectorate and Imamate of Yemen and internal tribal divisions within the Protectorate; Colonial Office, Aden, 1935.
Map 20. Sketch map of the Aden Protectorate from Shuqra to Wadi Meifah: shows boundary between Western and Eastern Aden Protectorate; Royal Air Force, Aden, 1947.
Map 21. Sketch map of frontier area between Aqaba and Wadi Sirhan; War Office, London, 1934.
Map 22. Sketch map of area to be surveyed in Aqaba-Rum region; Colonial Office, Amman, 1934.
Map 23. Sketch map of area to be surveyed in Jebel Tubaiq region; Colonial Office, Amman, 1934.
Map 24. Sketch map showing area to be covered by proposed Transjordan Air Survey; Colonial Office, Amman, 1934.
Map 25. Proposals for Saudi-Transjordanian boundary in Al Jauf area, 1938: shows Black, Blue, Blue-dotted and Green Line proposals, 1925-1927; War Office, London, 1938.
Map 26. Map of Kuwait-Iraq frontier with special reference to location of proposed port at Umm Qasr; shows boundary lines according to interpretation of 1923 exchange of letters and proposal in a note of 1940; Foreign Office, London, January 1948.
Map 27. Map to show limits of Kuwait and adjacent country, 1913: shows ´Red´ and ´Green´ Lines of 29th July 1913 Anglo-Turkish Convention: map is copy of Annex No. 5 to 1913 Convention; Foreign Office, London, May 1954.
Map 28. Northwards extension of proposed Saudi-Bahrain seabed delimitation with note; Foreign Office, London, 1955.
Map 30. Map showing position of Halul island in relation to offshore Qatari and Trucial Coast concession areas; Foreign Office, London, 1956.
Map 31. Sketch map of disputed areas between Dubai and Abu Dhabi: shows Dubai claim of 1949; Political Agency, Sharjah, January 1949.
Map 32. Sketch map of various proposals for solution of Dubai-Abu Dhabi boundary dispute; Political Agency, Sharjah, January 1949
Map 33. Sketch map showing territorial limits of various Trucial Coast shaikhdoms as recognised by Britain; after 1955 Report of J.F. Walker; Political Agency, Dubai, 1956
Map 34. Chart showing the pearl banks along the southern coast of the Gulf between Ras Tanura and Dubai: enclosure to part III of Volume 1 of J.G. Lorimer´s Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, London, 1908: presented as evidence in memorandum supporting claims of Qatar, Abu Dhabi and Muscat and boundary dispute with Saudi Arabia; Foreign Office, London, 1949.
Map 35. Outline map to accompany ´Note on Parts of Eastern Arabia´: shows southern boundary of Qatar mainland concession area and further suggestions for boundary delimitation: also detailed inset of Buraimi area; Foreign Office, London, 1949.
Map 36. Map of the frontier area of Qatar: relates to correspondence on the Anglo-Saudi (Dammam) Frontier Conference, February 1952; Foreign Office, London, April 1952.
Map 37. Map showing various claims to territory in south-eastern Arabia, 1935-1952; Foreign Office, London, April 1952.
Map 38. General map of the Trucial Coast showing disputed areas referred to arbitration by Anglo-Saudi agreement of 30th July 1954: Map A of the British Memorial prepared for submission before the Buraimi Arbitration Tribunal; Foreign Office, London, 1955.
Map 39. Map showing the ´Blue Line´ of the Anglo-Turkish Convention of 29th July 1913 and other frontier lines suggested by the two parties in subsequent negotiations: Map B of the British Memorial prepared for submission before the Buraimi Arbitration Tribunal; Foreign Office, London, May 1955.
Map 40. Map showing Dhafrah, Liwa and Buraimi zone: Map E of the British Memorial prepared for submission before the Buraimi Arbitration Tribunal; Foreign Office, London, July 1955.
Map 41. Map giving detail of Buraimi zone: Map F of the British Memorial prepared for submission before the Buraimi Arbitration Tribunal; Foreign Office, London, July 1955.
Map 42. Map showing suggested limits for jurisdiction over the subsoil of the Gulf seabed: adapted to show continental shelf claim of Qatar; Foreign Office, London, 1949.
Map 43. Map showing suggested limits for jurisdiction over the subsoil of the Gulf and the Gulf of Oman seabed; Foreign Office, London, 1949.
Map 44. Map showing suggested division of Gulf seabed according to median-line principle: prepared by S.W. Boggs for United States State Department, Washington, 1949.
Map 45. Map showing the disputed areas referred to arbitration in Anglo-Saudi agreement of 30th July 1954 and location of subsequent frontier incidents in south-eastern Arabia before January 1955; Foreign Office, London, January 1955.